Article

Ten Mashelkar Mantras


The results of the board exams have just been declared. I want to congratulate all the students, who will begin the new journey of their life. In life, three things are going to be important in determining future. These are ability, aptitude and attitude.

Your abilities will be developed in your college and university. Your aptitude will be determined by what you really like and love. You should do what you love and you must love what you do. Then next is your attitude. Here I will give you ten Mashelkar mantras, which will help in your future life, just as they have helped me.

First, your aspirations are your possibilities, so keep your aspirations always high. Keep your eyes on the stars, and not down at your feet. We often complain about scarcity in India. But remember, the combination of scarcity and aspiration can create disruptive and game changing innovations.

Let me explain from my own learnings. When I took over as Director of National Chemical Laboratory in 1989, it was in the pre-liberalised India, which highly protected the Indian industry through huge tariff barriers. All our scientists were busy doing just import substitution by only copying foreign processes, products, etc. NCL budgets were very small. I said to my scientists, “It is not the size of the budget that matters, it is the size of the idea. Let’s keep our aspirations high. Rather than just being borrower of ideas and technology from foreign companies, let’s export our technology, let us license our patents to them”. Everyone thought that this was impossible to achieve. However, within two years, in 1991, we were able to license three of our US patents for close to a million US dollars to a multinational company, who was a leader in the field in which we had got these patents. This was the first ever reverse transfer of technology from an Indian national laboratory to a foreign multinational. It was sheer magic!

But who made this magic possible? The same NCL scientists who were merely copying so far. And why? Because they were fired up by the high aspiration of moving from copying to creating – from importing to exporting, from merely doing something that was first to India to doing something that was first to the world.

Second, you can do anything but not everything. So focus. I learnt the importance of focus early in my life. Let me tell you that story.

I remember going to a poor school in Mumbai. But that poor school had rich teachers. I remember Principal Bhave, who taught us physics. I remember his taking us out in to the sun to demonstrate as to how to find the focal length of a convex lens. He took a piece of paper, moved the lens till the brightest spot emerged on the paper, and told us that the distance between the paper and the lens was the focal length. But then he held it on for some time and the paper burnt. For some reason, he turned to me and said “Mashelkar, if you can focus your energies like this and not diffuse them, you can burn anything in the world!” I was so impressed with the power of science that I decided to become a scientist. But that experiment gave me the philosophy of life too; ‘focus and you will achieve’.

That’s why I say, never lose focus in your life.

Third, perseverance always pays. It is always too early to quit. Winners never quit and quitters never win. As Dr. Kalam had said, let the problems not defeat you –you should defeat the problems.

Michael Jordon, the legendary basketball player has said `I’ve missed more than 9,000 shots in my career. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed’.

So my friends, look at the world FAIL differently. FAIL is First Attempt in Learning. As long as you keep on learning from the errors you have done and not repeat them, you will ultimately win.

Fourth, be always a part of a solution, never a part of the problem. If you can’t find the way, create a new way. Don’t just knock on doors of opportunity. Create your own doors.

Let me again explain through my own experience. I returned to India in 1976. I needed sophisticated imported equipment to carry on my research in the field of rheology, in which I was researching abroad. There was acute shortage of foreign exchange in India. DGTD clearance, not manufactured in India certificates were needed for importing any equipment. In my case, I was told it would take 2 years.

So I opened my own new door of opportunity, which did not require any equipment I got into the field of mathematical modelling and simulation. We were so successful that within a short time, I got the S.S. Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest scientific awards in the country. Just imagine what would have happened if I had just waited for that door of opportunity to open which required foreign equipment!

Fifth, there is no substitute to hard work for becoming successful. I have myself worked 24×7, week after week, month after month, year after year and will do so till I take my last breath. The golden rule is the following. Work hard in silence. Let success make the noise. Like instant coffee, there is no instant success. Your overnight success is always a result of everything that you have done through that moment. If you really look closely, most overnight success took a long time, as Steve Job famously said.

Sixth, again about success. Please remember that success is no accident. It is hard work, perseverance, learning, studying, sacrifice, and most of all, love of what you are doing, as the legendary footballer Pele, who reached an ultimate pinnacle of success in life, had said.

Seventh, always be innovative. Remember, innovator is one who sees what everyone else sees, but thinks of what none else thinks. Indeed, if you master the art of visualizing the invisible, you can make even seemingly impossible, possible.

Eighth, continue to be creative. It does not get exhausted. The more you use creativity, the more you will have it.

Ninth, when someone tells you that it can’t be done, take it that it is more a reflection of his or her limitation, not yours. Remember, innovator is one, who does not know that it cannot be done.

Tenth, I strongly believe that there is no limit to human endurance and no limit to human achievement excepting the limits you put on your mind yourself. So be `limitless’.

Let me illustrate this with some inspiring examples.

Swapna Burman is a girl with 6 toes in both legs but with no money for special shoes. Her father was a rickshaw puller. Her mother was working in a tea garden. She ran for India in the final event of Heptathlon in the recent Asian games with a bandaged jaw. She won a medal for India.

Arunima Sinha was a national level volleyball player. She was pushed from a running train by some robbers in 2011. As a result, one of her legs had to be amputated below the knee. She was inspired by cricketer Yuvraj Singh, who had successfully battled cancer. She said, if he can do it, I will do it too. She decided to do something special with her life. She hoisted the Indian flag on Mount Everest on 21 May 2013, just two years after she lost her leg.

My friends, that’s why I say that there is no limit to human endurance and achievement, except the limit you put on yourself.

So all my best wishes to you. May you put no limits on your mind, and may you achieve limitless success in your life.

मी पाहिलेले अटलजी – डॉ. रघुनाथ माशेलकर


अटलजी आज आपल्यात नाहीत हे पटत नाही. पण मी म्हणेन की, अटलजी ही एक व्यक्ती नव्हती, एक संस्था होती, एक विचार होता, एक संदेश होता. म्हणून ते चिरंतन आहेत आणि राहतील. अटलजी पंतप्रधान असतांना मी सी.एस.आय.आर च्या ४० राष्ट्रीय प्रयोगशाळांचा प्रमुख होतो. अटलजी पंतप्रधान या नात्याने सी.एस.आय.आर सोसायटीचे अध्यक्ष होते. त्यामुळे मी त्यांना जवळून पाहिलं आहे.

अटलजींचा मला प्रचंड पाठिबा होता. त्यामुळे सी.एस.आय.आर या संस्थेत मी आमूलाग्र बदल करू शकलो. डॉ. जयंत नारळीकरांच्या ‘सायंटिफिक एज’ या २००३ साली लिहिलेल्या पुस्तकात त्यांनी २० व्या शतकातील भारतीय विज्ञान व तंत्रज्ञानातील १० सर्वात महत्वपूर्ण अशा पराक्रमांची यादी केली आहे. त्यांत रामानुजन, साहा, एस.एन.बोस, रमण, रामचंद्रन या शांस्त्रज्ञाशिवाय हरितक्रांती, अणुऊर्जा, अंतराळ क्षेत्रातील प्रगतीचा उल्लेख केला आहे. पण दहावी घटना आहे मी सी.एस.आय.आर चा महासंचालक असतांना त्या संस्थेचं झालेलं परिवर्तन. त्यासाठी मला कठोर निर्णय घ्यावे लागले. काही प्रयोगशाळा बंद कराव्या लागल्या. या संस्थेच्या इतिहासात हे प्रथम घडलं. केवळ गुणवत्तेलाच महत्व व प्राधान्य दिलं. परिणामी अनेक गटांकडून विरोध झाला. पण अटलजीं माझ्यामागे ठामपणे उभे राहिले. म्हणूनच या परिवर्तनाचं सर्व श्रेय मी त्यांना देतो.

अटलजींचा माझ्यावर प्रचंड विश्वास होता. काही कठीण समस्या आल्या की माशेलकर समिती नेमा असं ते सांगत. नॅशनल ऑटो फ्युएल पॉलिसी असो की रीजनल इंजिनीरिंग कॉलेजेस मध्ये परिवर्तन करून नॅशनल इन्स्टिटयूट ऑफ टेक्नॉलॉजी करणं असो, भारताची औषधनियंत्रण विषयक यंत्रणा बदलायची असो की, भारताच्या पेटंट कायद्यात बदल करायचा असो या सर्व समित्यांच्या अध्यक्षपदी माशेलकरच हवेत असं त्यांनी आग्रहपूर्वक सांगितलं.

३ जानेवारी २००० रोजी अटलजींनी इंडियन सायन्स काँग्रेसचं पुण्यात उद्घाटन केलं. जवळजवळ ५००० शास्त्रज्ञ त्याला हजर होते. नोबेल विजेते शास्त्रज्ञ आले होते. डॉ कलामांसारखे शास्त्रज्ञ ही आले होते. पुण्यातील त्या सायन्स काँग्रेसची अजून लोक आठवण काढतात. या सभेत अटलजींनी एक अत्यंत प्रेरणादायी घोषणा केली. ‘जय जवान, जय किसान, जय विज्ञान.’ तेव्हा सर्व सभागृहात टाळ्यांचा प्रचंड कडकडाट झाला.
माझं अध्यक्षीय भाषण होतं ‘नवं पंचाशीलः नव्या सहस्रकासाठी’ ते पंचशील होतं बालकेंद्रित शिक्षण , स्त्रीकेंद्रित परिवार, मानवकेंद्रित विकास, ज्ञानाधिष्ठित समाज आणि नवसर्जनशील भारत. बालकेंद्रित शिक्षणाचा मुद्दा मांडताना मी माझ्या मुंबईतील युनियन हायस्कूलमधील भावे सरांनी केलेल्या प्रयोगाचा उल्लेख केला आणि त्यामुळे माझं सार आयुष्य कसं बदललं याबद्दल बोललो होतो.

उद्घाटनाचा समारंभानंतरच्यावेळी भोजन होतं. त्यावेळी अटलजींबरोबर मी आणि दोन नोबेल विजेते असे आम्ही एकत्र होतो. प्रोफेसर मेनन, डॉ. कलाम, शरदराव पवार होते. माझ्या भाषणातील भावे सरांच्या नावाचा उल्लेख सर्वांना भावला . पण नोबेल विजेते लेन व अर्नस्ट म्हणाले की असे शिक्षक युरोपमध्येही दिसत नाहीत. अटलजी माझ्याकडे वळले आणि मला म्हणाले, ‘माशेलकरजी आपको पता है की, आजकल भावे सर क्यों नही दिखते हैं?’ मी म्हटलं, ‘नही सर’. तेव्हा अटलजीं म्हणाले ‘क्योंकी आज उनको समाज में प्रतिष्ठा नहीं है’. केवढे अर्थपूर्ण उद्गार होते ते ! नंतर मला कळलं की अटलजींचे वडील शिक्षक होते. म्हणजे हे अनुभवाचे बोल होते.
अटलजींच्या मनातील ही खंत दूर करणं, त्यांना अभिप्रेत असलेला सन्मान पुन्हा शिक्षकांना मिळवून देणं किंवा तसा सन्मान समाजाने शिक्षकांना द्यावा अशा क्षमतेचे अध्यापक घडवणं ही त्यांना वेगळी आदरांजली ठरेल.

अटलजींनी एक दुसरी आठवण आहे. ११ में १९९८ रोजी सी.एस.आय.आर च्या ४० प्रयोगशाळा प्रमुखांची बंगलोरमध्ये वार्षिक परिषद होती. त्याच दिवशी एन ए एल या आमच्या प्रयोगशाळेने तयार केलेल्या चार आसनी ‘हंसा’ विमानाचं पहिलं उड्डाण झालं. दुपारी बातमी आली की डी.आर.डी.ओ. ने ‘त्रिशूल’ या मिसाईलचं पहिलं उड्डाण केलं होतं. आणि संध्याकाळी बातमी आली की पोखरण मध्ये भारताने अणुचाचणी घेतली ! त्यानंतर जूनमध्ये अटलजींच्या हस्ते दिल्लीत शांती स्वरूप भटनागर पारितोषिक वितरणाचा समारंभ झाला. मी व डॉ. मुरली मनोहर जोशी अटलजींच्या उजव्या व डाव्या बाजूला बसलो होतो. आम्ही दोघांनी अटलजींना भारताने एकाच दिवशी तीन वेगवेगळ्या क्षेत्रांत केलेल्या प्रगतीचं महान प्रदर्शन एकाच दिवसात ११ मे ला कसं घडलं हे सांगितलं. आम्ही त्यांना सुचवलं कीं आपण ११ मे हा ‘टेक्नॉलॉजी डे’ म्हणजे ‘तंत्रज्ञान दिवस’ म्हणून साजरा करूया. त्यावेळी त्यांनी कांही उत्तर दिलं नाही. ते भाषण करायला उठले. आपलं भाषण वाचलं, कागद खाली ठेवले. आणि त्यांनी ११ मे हा ‘टेक्नॉलॉजी डे’ म्हणून घोषित केला. गेली वीस वर्षे हा दिवस साजरा होतो आहे. यांत विशेष म्हणजे त्यांनी त्यांच्या हृदयाचा आवाज ऐकून ही उत्स्फूर्तपणे घोषणा केली.

कार्यक्रम संपला आणि आम्ही चहापानासाठी चालत दुसऱ्या एका मंडपात चाललो होतो. अटलजीं माझ्याकडे वळले आणि मला म्हणाले ‘ अणुचाचणी झाल्यावर अमेरिका लगेच निर्बंध आणतील तंत्रज्ञानावर तसेच काही, निवडक उपकरणांवर. त्याचा आपणा सर्व शास्त्रज्ञांवर काय परिणाम होईल?’ मी त्यांना म्हटलं ‘सर, अमेरिकेने काहीही निर्बंध घालू देत. जोपर्यंत आम्ही शास्त्रज्ञ आमच्या मेंदूवर निर्बंध घालत नाही तोपर्यंत अमेरिका आपलं काही बिघडवू शकत नाही’. अटलजी जोरात हसले. थांबले. माझा हात आपल्या हातात घेऊन म्हणले “शाब्बास माशेलकरजी. याच भावनेनें आणि ऊर्जेने तुम्ही काम केलंत तर भारताला काहींचं चिंता नाही”.

तिसरा प्रसंग मला आठवतो तो २६ सप्टेंबर २००३ चा. हा सी.एस.आय.आर चा साठावा स्थापना दिवस होता. सी.एस.आय.आर ने एक पानभर अगदी वैशिष्ठ्यपूर्ण जाहिरात दिली होती. संबंध मोकळं पान त्यावर फक्त एका बोटाचा फोटो त्या बोटावर होतं मतदान केल्यावर लावलेल्या काळ्या शाईचा ठिपका. शाईचं तंत्रज्ञान तयार केलं होतं आमच्या एनपीएल या प्रयोगशाळेने. त्या पानावर एक वाक्य होतं. ‘सी.एस.आय.आर चं तंत्रज्ञान करोडो भारतीय मतदारांच्या बोटावर’.

अटलजींनी ही जाहिरात त्या दिवशीच्या वृत्तपत्रांत सकाळी पहिली होती आणि ती त्यांना फार आवडली होती. याचा त्यांनी आपल्या भाषणात उल्लेख केला. त्यांनी त्यांचं वाचायला दिलेलं भाषण बाजूला ठेवलं. आणि ‘ तंत्रज्ञान व लोकशाही ‘ या विषयावर उत्स्फूर्त भाषण केलं माझ्या आयुष्यात ऐकलेलं हे एक सर्वोत्तम भाषण म्हणेन.

तीन वेगवेगळ्या दिवसात पाहिलेली प्रेरणादायी , त्यांच्यासारखीच अगदी अटल अशी ही रूपं आजही डोळ्यासमोर लख्खपणे येतात. म्हणूनच मला वाटतं, अटलजी कायम आपल्यात आहेत! मी अटलजींची तीन वेगवेगळी रूपं. उत्स्फूर्त. निर्मल. संवेदनशील. भावपूर्ण. प्रेरणादायी. अटल.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam : As a Human Being


Dr Kalam is no more. I cannot imagine India without Dr Kalam.The outpouring by the entire nation has been absolutely unprecedented. Dr Kalam is being referred to as the Missile Man. I will leave aside the ‘missile’ part of it and write about the ‘man’ part of it, the ‘human’ part of it, especially as I have seen from my personal lens.

My first interaction with Dr. Kalam was when I was a member of Scientific Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister in Rajiv Gandhi’s time. This was in 1987-88. I was given the responsibility of putting together a draft of a perspective plan on the future of Indian Science & Technology. I needed to cover different issues of science & technology including Defense Research and Development. I was trying to get hold of Dr. Kalam but I was unable to do so. Finally, we accidentally sat together in a plane. I still remember his profusely apologizing for being inaccessible, explaining to me at great length as to how busy he was with his several projects. He asked me as to what was needed. I explained. He set aside whatever work he was doing. He pulled out a piece of paper and wrote his thoughts on the subject with his own hand. This very first meeting touched me, because I saw a man who was simple, very humane and yet professional at the same time. I was to realize his other qualities as I met him on several occasions later.

I saw evidence of his extraordinary humility and willingness to learn from others in another instance. I remember the year was 1992. I was then the Director of National Chemical Laboratory. I got a phone call from Dr. Kalam. He was then the chief of Defence Research and Development Organization with a chain of more than 50 laboratories. Dr. Kalam told me that they were going to have a Directors’conference in Pune and he wanted me to deliver the inaugural address. I happily accepted the invitation and asked Dr. Kalam as to what should I speak on. India had just been liberalized in 1991, opening up its doors for trade with and investment from the rest of the world. Dr. Kalam suggested that I should speak on ‘fighting it into the market place in the post liberalized era’. He wanted me to talk about what Indian Science & Technology could do in this fight. I remember addressing the gathering, which was chaired by Dr. Kalam. While beginning the lecture, I addressed Dr. Kalam as ‘Mr. Technology of India’. I went on to dwell on the theme of India’s big challenge in the coming years as we opened up. My penchant for patents was well known then. In 1989 itself, I had launched this ‘movement on patent literacy’ and put NCL on the path of becoming strong in patents, even licensing our patents to the advanced world.I referred to this issue of ‘patent literacy’ and said as to how this illiteracy had to be removed in order for India to face the stiff global competition.

After the lecture, there was a lunch. Dr. Kalam came to me and said “Mashelkar, you have addressed me as ‘‘Mr. Technology of India’. You also talked about patent literacy movement. But can I tell you that your ‘Mr. Technology of India’ is also ‘Mr. Patent Illiterate’ of India!” I asked him why he said that. He replied that he had very little knowledge of patents, why they were important and what could his organization DRDO do. I explained. He immediately called someone and issued instructions to set up patent cells in each of the fifty plus DRDO laboratories. Today, DRDO has become not only aware of the patents but also strong in patents. This simple instance actually shows on one hand the humility of the great man, where he was prepared to admit what he did not know, and at the same time his acting so fast and decisively. Both these qualities are so crucial for leaders.

Today when I look at CSIR, we find that there is a major transformation in the CSIR chain of 38 laboratories. All this transformation by CSIR was possible due to a major initiative I took on the suggestion of Dr. Kalam. In fact, I vividly recollect 1 July 1995. This was the day when I took over as the Director General, CSIR. We had a party in the evening. Dr. Kalam was also present in the party. He congratulated me and asked me ‘Mashelkar, what is your vision for CSIR?’ He went into deep details and told me as to how crucial it was for me as a new leader to formally launch a vision statement, so that the entire CSIR family clearly understood what was in my mind. I remember finally making a presentation to the Advisory Board of CSIR, of which Dr. Kalam was also a member. I remember his many valuable contributions. This vision statement ‘CSIR 2001 : Vision & Strategy’ became an epoch making statement and transformed CSIR. Today, the organization has progressed to such a level that in a recent international book ‘World Class in India’, CSIR finds a place among the top organizations, who have managed the radical change best in the post liberalized era in India. Jayant Narlikar’s book ‘Scientific Edge’ lists the CSIR transformation as being among the ten best achievements of Indian science and technology in the twentieth century.

I found Dr. Kalam to be an extremely warm hearted and simple individual. I have personally experienced his warmth and affection. A very simple instance illustrates this. I remember Dr. Kalam calling me one day at 11.00 A.M. in the morning in my office. He said that he had fixed up a meeting of the Knowledge Task Force set up the Prime Minister. He and I were working together on the steering committee.

I said that I will be unable to join him because I had to leave by the 4.00 P.M. flight to Pune. I explained to him that only that morning I had received a call from Pune saying that my wife was seriously ill. I desperately needed to be in Pune. First things came first. I had dropped all my programs and I was flying back with the first available flight. I was so tense that I could not control myself and broke down on phone. Dr. Kalam consoled me. We ended the conversation. After 15 minutes, I was surprised to see that Dr. Kalam was there in my office, leaving a meeting that he was to chair! He spent an hour with me. He came out as an extremely concerned and warm-hearted individual.

Dr. Kalam has really caught the imagination of the children and the young. This became evident when he came to Pune during the Indian Science Congress 2000 in January in Pune. It was my dream to get the ‘Trimurty’, Dr. Kasturirangan, Dr. Chidambaram and Dr. Kalam on a single dais. I had asked them to project their dreams on creating a secure India. We had a memorable afternoon, when all these three great people gave their vision. I still remember the events after the discussions Dr. Kalam was mobbed by several hundred young people. I had to rescue him. I had to perform the same act in Lucknow this year during the Indian Science Congress 2002. There was a panel discussion that was going on. Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi, Dr. R. Chidambaram, Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Dr. Kasturirangan and myself were on the dais. There were around 2000 people in the audience. While the presentations were going on, Dr. Kalam walked in. Everyone forgot that we all were on the dais and rushed to Dr. Kalam! He was again surrounded by hundreds of young people. Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi told me to go down and rescue him. The only way was to put him on the dais so that we could continue. It was only then that we could resume the proceedings! I have never seen such an appeal of a scientist amongst the young, or indeed that matter, amongst the society ever before.

Dr. Kalam was convinced that children were our future and we had to ignite their minds. When he was Principal Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister, I remember I had gone to meet him for some discussions. The conversation as usual drifted to talking about the future of India and how it will be built by our children. I still remember his telling me that in future he wanted to dedicate himself to the cause of igniting the minds of children. He said that he would interact with at least 1,00,000 children in one year. He asked me ‘Mashelkar, why don’t you join me in this grand adventure. We two can go and inspire the children from a common platform’. I remembered to have agreed to this enthusiastically but, of course, could not really join him.

Soon afterwards,Dr. Kalam became the President of India. I went to meet and congratulate him. The first thing he did was to remind me of this conversation.He asked me as to how many children I had addressed. He said that he had already addressed 50,000 children. I said I had addressed none. He said that not only I must address them, but also that he will exchange with me the number each one of us would have addressed. We followed this practice for two to three years, I remember!

In all our conversations, I found Dr Kalam to be deeply disturbed by the societal disconnects.Once he told me that his father and the high priest of Rameswaram temple could discuss Bhagwat Gita and Holy Quran in their houses. He mentioned several times as to how a church was transformed into a technology laboratory and became the birthplace of the nation’s rocket technology. To him that was the result of the fusion of science and spirituality, and he wished that such fusion should happen in all fields in continuum.

I would like to end by repeating what Dr. Kalam said in this address to the nation on 25th July, when he was sworn in as President of India. He said

‘When I travel across our nation, when I hear the sound of waves of the three seas around the shores of my country, when I experience the breeze of wind from the mighty Himalayas, when I see the bio-diversity of North-East and our islands and when I feel the warmth from the western desert, I hear the voice of the youth: “When can I sing the song of India?” If youth have to sing the song of India, India should become a developed country which is free from poverty, illiteracy and unemployment and is buoyant with economic prosperity, national security and internal harmony’. And then he went on the sing that song.

‘As a young citizen of India, armed with technology, knowledge and love for my nation, I realise, small aim is a crime.

I will work and sweat for a great vision, the vision of transforming India into a developed nation, powered by economic strength with value system.

I am one of the citizens of billion; Only the vision will ignite the billion souls.

It has entered into me; The ignited soul compared to any resource is the most powerful resource on the earth, above the earth under the earth.

I will keep the lamp of knowledge burning to achieve the vision – Developed
India’.

To me, in Dr. Kalam, we had a President, who was the right man, in the right place, at the right time. Indian youth were desperately looking for a role model. What better role model could they have had than someone who was the son of a boatman in Rameshwarm and went on to occupy the position of the President of India? What better role model could they have had than this simple and humane individual, who was a staunch nationalist, and who was a great dreamer and visionary at the same time? What better role model could they have had than an individual who strongly emphasised that ‘strength respects strength’ and wanted to see a Developed India in our life time.

The only fitting tribute we can pay to Dr Kalam is not only fulfilling his dream of Technology Vision 2020, but also setting up a game changing ‘Kalam Vision 2050’ in the spirit of Dr Kalam, which always was to think and act with the belief that impossible can be made possible.

This will only happen if each Indian in the true Kalam spirit said ‘Yes, I can. Yes, India can. Yes, India will’.

We owe it to Dr Kalam, the living legend till yesterday, who is no more with us.

Technonationalism to Technoglobalism


About an year ago, I received a phone call from a young, prominent member of Congress party. He said that he wanted to know my views on the Indo-American nuclear deal. I responded by saying that I was not a technical expert in this area. Yet I would attempt to give my own perspective, which will go beyond nuclear energy.

I said that in 1947, India got its first freedom – the political freedom. In 1991, India got its second freedom, when it opened up its economy – the freedom to compete. I said if we sign this nuclear deal, then we will be ushering the third freedom –  the technology freedom.

I said that this third freedom will enable us an access to “dual use technology”. Such technology is primarily developed for military or strategic purposes but finds use also in civilian applications. India was denied such access all the while. I cited as an example the development of the 14 seater civilian aircraft called SARAS by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL).

When I was the Director General of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, the SARAS project was launched. The aircraft SARAS had around 15,000 components.  One of them was a ‘starter generator’. Access to this single component was denied to us and the SARAS project was delayed by almost two years! This meant a delay in India’s entry into civilian aircraft industry by two years!

I further explained that life was like a journey by consecutive buses towards a destination. You miss the first bus and then you miss the second. India has been a story of missed buses due to lack of access to critical technologies. Other smart countries did not miss these buses. Taiwan or Korea, for instance, represent classical examples. Access to technology and Foreign Direct Investment took them way ahead of India.

The young politician asked me a very perceptive question. He said this lack of access must have meant an impact in socio-economic and strategic positioning for India over the years. Had any one evaluated this so far? I said to him that he was the first one to raise that query. And no, we had not evaluated these costs.

Technonationalism to Technoglobalism

Technology denial over the years has been affected through several instruments such as Wassenar Arrangement, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Australia Group, etc. India’s technology denial share ranged from a high performance supercomputer to cryogenic engine used in the space launch vehicles. When technology was not available for love or for money, the only option for India was developing the technology on its own. India had to follow the path of this “technonationalism”.

Nations like South Africa had to adopt to technonationalism, since during the apartheid regime, there were wide ranging sanctions imposed on it. Lack of oil forced them to create synthetic fuels based on coal by developing Fischer Tropsch technologies, something that is finding a great value in times of rise of oil prices today.

Many nations have tended to resort to “technonationalism” by giving a priority on science for national economic development but by essentially going  alone. Many nations have placed emphasis on projecting national power and status – just as Soviet Union did before its break-up. China in recent times has pursued manned space missions for both substantive and symbolic reasons. China has used these as a means of announcing China’s arrival as a global power.

Technoglobalism does away with the top-down approach implicit in Technonationalism. The foundation of Technoglobalism is based on robust global knowledge and innovation networks. It is built on the imperative of strong interaction between the internationalization of technology and the globalization of the economy. It encompasses the  widening cross-border interdependence between individual-based sciences and economic sectors. It signals the change of ‘geography’ of science, technology and innovation, from advanced nations to talent rich emerging economies.

Technoglobalism serves different purposes. It is used for creating private good by transnational companies but increasingly as the world faces grand challenges of climate change, depleting fossil fuel resources, water crisis, ravaging of biodiversity, global health, etc., there is an increasing demand on technoglobalism directed towards creating a public good, or global good.

Indian Technonationalism

It was through the path of ‘technonationalism’ that India developed self-reliance through its own technologies in space, defence, nuclear energy, and supercomputers, among others.

Take India’s defence research infrastructure. India has developed diverse missiles and rocket systems, as also low level tracking radar, high-vision devices, sophisticated sonar systems, a light-combat aircraft, remotely piloted vehicles and so on. None of these were available to India for love or for money.

Look at our forays into nuclear S&T. The entire range of technologies, from the prospecting of raw materials to the design and construction of large nuclear reactors was developed on a self-reliant basis. India’s nuclear fast-breeder reactors emerged from its thrust towards technonationalism. The Indo-American nuclear deal would not have been signed, if India had not positioned it for the future this way.

And the recent crowning glory of India’s space research has been a matter of pride for all the Indians. India’s first moon orbiter project Chandrayan-1 placed a 527 kg spacecraft in 100 km polar orbit with high-resolution, remote sensing equipment. It carried two USA payloads from NASA too!  Paradoxically, it was USA, which had denied India the cryogenic engine, a critical requirement in India’s space programme!

India is now ranked amongst handful of nations of the world that have a credible capability in space S&T. India’s space programme has led to the creation of the largest domestic communication system in the Asia–Pacific region. Indian space technology, born out of India technonationalism, has served the civilian needs in communication, meteorology, broadcasting and remote sensing.

Indian Technonationalism and Export Control Regimes

Technonationalism is always driven by technology denial. But the denial regime itself undergoes a change as technonationalism gives the country a strong technological foundation. The best example of this is India’s forays into supercomputers, which today are being increasingly regarded as a strategic resource.

India’s supercomputer journey began, when a CRAY super computer was denied to India in mid-eighties. India’s response was to launch the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in 1987.  In 1991, India developed its first supercomputer, PARAM 8000.

Two interesting facts about PARAM 8000 are worth noting in terms of cost and time. PARAM was built at a cost that was less than the cost of the imported CRAY computer! It was built in a time that was less than the time to import and install a large computer system in India at that time!

But PARAM by C-DAC was not the only response by India to technology denial. There was ‘Flowsolver’ by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), ANUPAM by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and ANURAG by Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). And just this year Tata Research Laboratory’s EKA was ranked the 7th fastest supercomputer in the world.

The long voyage in high-performance computing was not a smooth sail by any reckoning. It was plagued by several difficulties, including embargoes on critical components, architectural debates, make-versus-buy  debates,  loss of key talent to multinationals, and bureaucratic hurdles. Interestingly though, a direct correlation can be found between India’s forays into supercomputer and the technology denial play.

After C-DAC successfully demonstrated the PARAM-8000 in 1990, the Los Alamos (Worlton) report concluded that supercomputers were not necessary to design nuclear weapons.

In 1991–1992, C-DAC exported its PARAM supercomputers to Canada, Germany, and Russia, while others, such as NAL’s FLOSOLVER Mk III, and DRDOs’ PACE, matched the capabilities of US-made, mid-range workstations.

In December 1992, the US Office of Naval Research sent an official to Bangalore to assess Indian capabilities in supercomputing. In 1993, the US authorized the licensed conditional export of high-performance computers to several Indian institutions.

In April 1995, India placed parallel processing supercomputing on its list of items requiring an Indian export license. In July 1995, the US began to review its supercomputers export controls and in October 1995, further relaxed the export of computers to India.

In 1998, C-DAC launched PARAM 10,000, which demonstrated India’s capacity to build 100-gigaflop machines. In response, the US further relaxed its export controls.

During the same year, CRAY established a subsidiary in India; the same company had denied CRAY supercomputers in 1980s!

There is a saying that ‘strength respects strength’. India’s foray into supercomputers is a brilliant example of this.

Technoglobalism

The imprints of technoglobalism are evident all over the emerging economies, which have a strong talent capital. On the outskirts of Shanghai, by 2012, around 10,000 researchers will be working in the Intel research facility that was built from  scratch in just five months. In Beijing, engineers at Ericsson’s research centre are developing routers for mobile phone systems at a third of the cost of those in Europe.

And India is no exception. Intel’s latest chip is being designed in Bangalore, and so is General Electric’s latest aero engine. Around 300 multinational companies have set up their R&D centres in India, including GE, IBM, Microsoft, Du Pont,  Shell, and General Motors. Over 90%  of the US patents filed from Bangalore are for the foreign R&D centres – Indian IQ generating IP for these companies!

The centre of gravity for innovation is starting to shift from west to east. The rise of China, India, and South Korea will redefine the innovation landscape. And there are data to support this. During the decade of 1994-2004, the resident patent applications in South Korea went up by 269% and that in China by 488%, in contrast to the patent applications in the world, which went by only 42%! In the same decade, China’s R&D intensity measured in terms of investment in R&D as a proportion of GDP more than doubled, from 0.6% of GDP in 1995 to over 1.2% in 2004.

The advanced nations are already preparing for this surprising shift.  A report entitled “Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances” by Committee on Defense Intelligence Agency Technology Forecasts and Reviews set up by National Research Council (2005) of USA concluded as follows:

“Traditionally, the United States has assumed that it leads the world in science and technology. This perspective leads the technology warning community to look for indications that external actors are trying to “catch up”, or to exploit known technologies in new ways. Projected future trends suggest that it should no longer be automatically assumed that the United States will lead in all relevant technologies.“

Technoglobalism is here to stay for several reasons.

First, there is an increasing pressure to shorten international market penetration time for new products, to shorten R&D times, and to decrease the market lifetime for new products.

Second, innovations are beginning to have multiple geographic and organizational sources of technology with increasingly differentiated and innovation-specific patterns of diffusion. R&D in high-technology industries such as biotechnology, nano technology, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals, IT, and advanced materials has become highly science based.

Third, the costs of doing R&D are also increasing exponentially. At the same time, there has been a progressive weakening of the importance of central corporate laboratories in large firms. Firms worldwide are complimenting internal efforts by external technology partnerships on a global basis. The concept of R&D is giving way to C&D – that is ‘connect and develop’. For instance,  50% of Procter & Gamble’s research budget is spent on C&D!

Fourth, the creation of seamless laboratories around the world is also being helped by the evolution of global information networks that allow real-time management and operation of laboratories in any part of the world. Companies are aggressively gaining a competitive advantage by using global knowledge resources and working with a global time clock.

Finally, the trend is also fuelled by a shortage of R&D personnel in some emerging high-tech areas in industrialized countries. The demographic shift is taking place in the US, Europe, and Japan, as its population and workforce become older. For instance, according to the US National Science Foundation Report (2002), more than 76% of the working doctorates in science and engineering are more than 60 years old. This means that a country like India, with a demographic profile that boasts of 55% of its population being less than 25 years old, can become a global innovation hub.

Consequences of Technoglobalism

Technoglobalism in countries like India will have major social, economic, political, and strategic consequences. As India becomes a great global R&D and innovation hub, the world’s best companies will undertake their most challenging R&D in India. These challenges are even now drawing young Indian scientists and engineers back to India. For instance, GE’s Jack Welch R&D centre in Bangalore alone has over 700 Indian researchers return from USA. ‘Brain drain’ is giving way to ‘brain gain’ and then to ‘brain circulation’, the returning Indian scientists leaving these multinational R&D centers and joining the Indian enterprises, as they see challenging opportunities in these enterprises.

More than half of GDP in OECD countries is due to the production and distribution of knowledge. And this proportion is on the increase. As more and more of this knowledge for the leading corporates from OECD gets generated in India, its strategic position will improve.

Technoglobalism & Global Grand Challenges

It is heartening to see that the world is launching major experiments in technoglobalism for solving some grand challenges in science as well as technology. The Large Hadron Collider (over 8 billion US dollars) and International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (over 9 billion US dollars) are excellent examples. The first is searching answers connected with the origin of universe and the second is attempting to find an environmentally benign and inexhaustible source of energy.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and highest energy particle collider. The LHC was built by European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) with intention of testing various predictions of high energy physics, which may shed light on the conditions that existed around the origin of the universe. It is a great example of technoglobalism, since it is funded and built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries. 10 September 2008 was the historical day (some referred to it as the ‘big bang day’), when the experiments started.

As the world energy demands increase, with the demands on reducing the green house gas omissions also increasing, would it not be wonderful to explore the potential of an environmentally benign and essentially inexhaustible electricity? That is precisely what the most expensive experiment in technoglobalism  that was agreed between 7 participants on 21 November 2006 is attempting to do through the launch of  The ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). This is an experimental project aimed at future electricity producing fusion power plants. The seven partners in the ITER project are China, European Union, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and USA. This is an incredible partnership amongst nations with diverse economic and technology status and ideologies.

Technoglobalism for Global Commons

We need the equivalents of LHC and ITER for facing grand challenges that the world is facing today. These challenges comprise climate change, diminishing hydrocarbon energy resources, food and water crisis, terrorism, and now the financial crisis due to global melt-down. The financial crisis will go away but not the others. There is a need to tackle the other crisis by giving a new twist to technoglobalism by “creating global commons by using global talent pool and by using global funds”.

What levels of global funds will be required? Professor Jeffrey Sachs has estimated that R&D for sustainable development – in energy, health, agriculture, climate and water – may require US$70 billion per annum. Global R&D spending is expected to reach US$1,210 billion in 2008. Thus for global commons, we require about 5.8 per cent of the present global expenditure on R&D.

If such funds were made available, what would be the path for ‘technoglobalism for global commons’? Several models are possible.

One model is the ‘Global Research Alliance’ formed by a network of network of public R&D institutions (not for profit) from 5 continents and 9 countries.  These include CSIR (India), CSIRO (Australia), SIRIM (Malaysia), CSIR (South Africa), FhG (Germany), TNO (Netherlands), DTI (Denmark), VTT (Finland) and Battelle (USA). Programmes from low cost internet access to rural Africa to climate change effect on sub-saharan Africa form part of the GRA portfolio aimed towards global good.

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Rockefeller Foundation and others have done exceptionally well to establish new models of global cooperation, such as novel public-private partnerships. Novel ways of getting the best minds in the world to contribute to solving the ‘grand challenges in global health’ have been established by BMGF. These could be emulated for the other grand challenges that the world is facing.

Technoglobalism for global commons will also involve issues of intellectual property rights and technology transfer. These have been implicitly enshrined in TRIPS. Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement states ‘the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations’.

However, these have remained mere intentions. Article 7 has never been implemented. For instance, the 1990 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ran into conflicts over commitments to ensure fair and favourable access for developing countries to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes protected by intellectual property rights. The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity aims to ensure fair and equitable use of genetic resources partly through technology cooperation, but its technological provisions have received little attention. The new partnerships in technoglobalism should be committed to these imperatives.

Finally, for a fair and equitable world, where knowledge and innovation could be used to benefit not just a select few – but all – will require ‘technoglobalism with human face’. Then only will we be able to create global commons that will serve the global good.